Work out your Singapore electricity emissions
Each kWh × 0.497 kg CO2e, the 2025 grid average for Singapore (Ember).
That is one line of your footprint. Want the whole thing done for you?
Carbon Recycling holds every UK government factor for every year, works out each line from your bills, mileage and travel, and writes your Carbon Reduction Plan and SECR report.
No card needed for the trial.
Singapore electricity emission factor by year
| Year | g CO2e per kWh | kg CO2e per kWh | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 497 | 0.497 | -0.3% |
| 2024 | 499 | 0.499 | -0.4% |
| 2023 | 501 | 0.501 | -0.7% |
| 2022 | 504 | 0.504 | -0.4% |
| 2021 | 506 | 0.506 | +0.3% |
| 2020 | 505 | 0.505 | -0.3% |
| 2019 | 506 | 0.506 | -0.2% |
| 2018 | 507 | 0.507 | -0.0% |
| 2017 | 507 | 0.507 | +0.2% |
| 2016 | 506 | 0.506 | -0.1% |
| 2015 | 507 | 0.507 | +0.0% |
| 2014 | 507 | 0.507 | -0.1% |
| 2013 | 508 | 0.508 | -3.4% |
| 2012 | 526 | 0.526 | -2.3% |
| 2011 | 538 | 0.538 | -0.3% |
| 2010 | 540 | 0.540 | +1.2% |
| 2009 | 533 | 0.533 | -0.1% |
| 2008 | 534 | 0.534 | -0.7% |
| 2007 | 538 | 0.538 | -0.3% |
| 2006 | 539 | 0.539 | -1.1% |
| 2005 | 546 | 0.546 | -1.8% |
| 2004 | 556 | 0.556 | -2.6% |
| 2003 | 571 | 0.571 | -2.7% |
| 2002 | 586 | 0.586 | -2.0% |
| 2001 | 598 | 0.598 | -8.9% |
| 2000 | 657 | 0.657 | – |
Lifecycle emissions per kWh of electricity generated in the country (g CO2e per kWh). Excludes imports and grid losses.
Singapore's official electricity factor
Energy Market Authority (EMA) publishes its own figure: 0.404 kg CO2 per kWh in 2025. Carbon Recycling uses this figure for sites in Singapore, keeping the latest one until Energy Market Authority (EMA) publishes the next, as the country's own reporting asks. It is lower than Ember's because it counts only what power stations emit, not fuel supply or building them, which is how the UK government factor is worked out too.
| Year | kg CO2 per kWh | g CO2 per kWh |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 0.404 | 404 |
| 2024 | 0.401 | 401 |
| 2023 | 0.412 | 412 |
| 2022 | 0.417 | 417 |
| 2021 | 0.409 | 409 |
| 2020 | 0.407 | 407 |
| 2019 | 0.409 | 409 |
| 2018 | 0.421 | 421 |
| 2017 | 0.421 | 421 |
| 2016 | 0.424 | 424 |
| 2015 | 0.422 | 422 |
| 2014 | 0.428 | 428 |
| 2013 | 0.439 | 439 |
| 2012 | 0.478 | 478 |
| 2011 | 0.509 | 509 |
| 2010 | 0.508 | 508 |
| 2009 | 0.497 | 497 |
| 2008 | 0.497 | 497 |
| 2007 | 0.505 | 505 |
| 2006 | 0.530 | 530 |
| 2005 | 0.526 | 526 |
Grid emission factor (average operating margin): the generation-weighted average CO2 per kWh of net electricity from all of Singapore's grid-connected power units, including embedded generation and solar. CO2 only, as EMA publishes it, to three decimal places. EMA revised 2020 to 0.407 and 2024 to 0.401 in this edition. Source: Singapore Energy Statistics 2026, Table 2.3: Electricity Grid Emission Factor (data as of September 2026), Energy Market Authority (EMA). Contains information from Singapore Energy Statistics 2026 (Table 2.3, Electricity Grid Emission Factor) accessed on 23 October 2026 from ema.gov.sg, which is made available under the terms of the Singapore Open Data Licence version 1.0.
What Singapore's electricity is made from
In 2025, Singapore generated 60.1 TWh of electricity. 94% came from fossil fuels, which is what drives the factor up or down from year to year.
| Source | Share of generation, 2025 |
|---|---|
| Gas | 91.1% |
| Bioenergy | 2.8% |
| Solar | 2.7% |
| Other Fossil | 2.4% |
| Coal | 0.9% |
Worked example
Take an office in Singapore using 50,000 kWh a year. 50,000 kWh × 0.497 kg CO2e = 24.9 tonnes CO2e, reported as Scope 2 (location-based).
How to report it
Multiply each site's electricity use in kWh, from its bills or meter readings, by the factor for the year. Report the result as location-based Scope 2. If the site buys renewable electricity backed by certificates recognised in Singapore, you can also show a market-based figure, but keep the location-based one alongside it.
UK companies with a site, warehouse or office here should use this factor for that site, not the UK grid factor. From 1 April 2027, new NHS contracts of £5 million a year or more, and new NHS frameworks, need a Carbon Reduction Plan with global emissions, so overseas sites can no longer be left out. For your UK sites, use the UK government grid electricity factor.
In Carbon Recycling, set the site's country to Singapore and its electricity is reported with this factor automatically, while your UK sites stay on the UK government factor. Sites outside the UK are on the Enterprise plan, at £99 a month + VAT for each country.
Related emission factors
- Qatar electricity: 582 g CO2e per kWh (2025)
- Oman electricity: 544 g CO2e per kWh (2025)
- Laos electricity: 232 g CO2e per kWh (2024)
- UK grid electricity (UK government factor)
- Electricity emission factors for every country
- Electricity CO2e calculator for any country, to compare Singapore with another country