Singapore electricity emission factor 2025 (grid average, g CO2e per kWh)

Singapore's electricity grid averaged 497 g CO2e per kWh generated in 2025, which is 0.497 kg CO2e per kWh. That is 0.3% lower than 2024 (499 g).

Updated 10 October 2026 by the Carbon Recycling team. Figures are from Ember's yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0), checked against the published file.

Work out your Singapore electricity emissions

KWh in a year

= 24.85 tonnes CO2e in 2025 (Scope 2 (location-based))

Each kWh × 0.497 kg CO2e, the 2025 grid average for Singapore (Ember).

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Singapore electricity emission factor by year

Year	g CO2e per kWh	kg CO2e per kWh	Change
2025	497	0.497	-0.3%
2024	499	0.499	-0.4%
2023	501	0.501	-0.7%
2022	504	0.504	-0.4%
2021	506	0.506	+0.3%
2020	505	0.505	-0.3%
2019	506	0.506	-0.2%
2018	507	0.507	-0.0%
2017	507	0.507	+0.2%
2016	506	0.506	-0.1%
2015	507	0.507	+0.0%
2014	507	0.507	-0.1%
2013	508	0.508	-3.4%
2012	526	0.526	-2.3%
2011	538	0.538	-0.3%
2010	540	0.540	+1.2%
2009	533	0.533	-0.1%
2008	534	0.534	-0.7%
2007	538	0.538	-0.3%
2006	539	0.539	-1.1%
2005	546	0.546	-1.8%
2004	556	0.556	-2.6%
2003	571	0.571	-2.7%
2002	586	0.586	-2.0%
2001	598	0.598	-8.9%
2000	657	0.657	–

Lifecycle emissions per kWh of electricity generated in the country (g CO2e per kWh). Excludes imports and grid losses.

Singapore's official electricity factor

Energy Market Authority (EMA) publishes its own figure: 0.408 kg CO2 per kWh in 2020. Carbon Recycling uses it for reporting years up to 2021. For later years Ember's figure is newer, so we use Ember's until Energy Market Authority (EMA) publishes more. It is lower than Ember's because it counts only what power stations emit, not fuel supply or building them, which is how the UK government factor is worked out too.

Year	kg CO2 per kWh	g CO2 per kWh
2020	0.408	408
2019	0.409	409
2018	0.421	421
2017	0.421	421
2016	0.424	424
2015	0.422	422
2014	0.428	428
2013	0.439	439
2012	0.478	478
2011	0.509	508
2010	0.508	508
2009	0.497	497
2008	0.497	497
2007	0.505	505
2006	0.530	530
2005	0.526	526

Grid emission factor by the average operating margin method: CO2 per kWh across all of Singapore's power plants. CO2 only, as EMA publishes it. Source: Electricity Grid Emission Factors and Upstream Fugitive Methane Emission Factor (data.gov.sg), Energy Market Authority (EMA). Contains information from Electricity Grid Emission Factors and Upstream Fugitive Methane Emission Factor accessed on 19 October 2026 from data.gov.sg, which is made available under the terms of the Singapore Open Data Licence version 1.0.

What Singapore's electricity is made from

In 2025, Singapore generated 60.1 TWh of electricity. 94% came from fossil fuels, which is what drives the factor up or down from year to year.

Source	Share of generation, 2025
Gas	91.1%
Bioenergy	2.8%
Solar	2.7%
Other Fossil	2.4%
Coal	0.9%

Worked example

Take an office in Singapore using 50,000 kWh a year. 50,000 kWh × 0.497 kg CO2e = 24.9 tonnes CO2e, reported as Scope 2 (location-based).

How to report it

Multiply each site's electricity use in kWh, from its bills or meter readings, by the factor for the year. Report the result as location-based Scope 2. If the site buys renewable electricity backed by certificates recognised in Singapore, you can also show a market-based figure, but keep the location-based one alongside it.

UK companies with a site, warehouse or office here should use this factor for that site, not the UK grid factor. From April 2027, NHS suppliers on contracts over £5 million must report their global footprint, so overseas sites can no longer be left out. For your UK sites, use the UK government grid electricity factor.

In Carbon Recycling, set the site's country to Singapore and its electricity is reported with this factor automatically, while your UK sites stay on the UK government factor.

Related emission factors

Qatar electricity: 582 g CO2e per kWh (2025)
Oman electricity: 544 g CO2e per kWh (2025)
Laos electricity: 232 g CO2e per kWh (2024)
UK grid electricity (UK government factor)
Electricity emission factors for every country
Electricity CO2e calculator for any country, to compare Singapore with another country

Frequently asked questions

Is this an official Singapore government factor?

This page's headline figure is Ember's independent estimate, built the same way for every country. Singapore's own official figure, from Energy Market Authority (EMA), is in the table further down (0.408 kg CO2 per kWh in 2020), and Carbon Recycling uses that one for sites here.

Is this a Scope 2 location-based factor?

It can be used as one. It is the average for electricity generated in the country, which is what location-based Scope 2 asks for. It counts lifecycle emissions (including fuel supply and plant construction), so it runs a little higher than a combustion-only factor. That makes it a cautious figure, which is the safer side to be on.

Which year should I use?

The year your reporting period falls in. If that year isn't out yet, use the latest year (2025) and say so in your report.

We are a UK company with a site here. Which factor do we use for it?

Use the Singapore grid factor for that site's electricity, not the UK one. The GHG Protocol asks for the grid where the electricity is used. The UK government conversion factors stopped publishing overseas electricity figures and now point to the International Energy Agency, which charges for them, so a free source like this one fills the gap.

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